NEW DELHI: As India faces longer heatwaves, erratic monsoons and sharper cold spells, a new international study has flagged a growing but less visible health concern — a surge in cardiovascular risks among middle-aged and elderly populations.
The study is published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine. It analysed data from 157 cities in China and found a consistent link between extreme weather events and a rise in heart disease cases. The study identified extreme heat as the most critical factor. Temperatures above 38°C were associated with a clear increase in cardiovascular cases, with each additional day of heat exposure raising the risk further.
The study also found that extremely low temperatures can elevate cardiovascular risk by causing blood vessels to constrict, increasing blood pressure and thickening the blood. Another notable finding is the impact of heavy rainfall. Unlike heat and cold, extreme precipitation does not follow a predictable pattern but still shows a strong association with heart-related illnesses.
The research also highlights specific groups at greater risk, including older adults, smokers, rural residents and those with limited social support.
Combined exposure to polluted air and extreme temperatures can intensify cardiovascular strain, particularly among those with pre-existing conditions such as hypertension and diabetes.
The study also points to an interesting interaction between body mass index (BMI) and temperature extremes. While higher body fat may offer slight insulation during heat exposure, it can worsen the body’s response to cold by increasing cardiovascular workload.
Experts say these findings underline the need to integrate climate considerations into India’s healthcare planning. Suggested measures include linking weather forecasting systems with public health alerts to warn high-risk groups in advance.
Strengthening primary healthcare, especially in climate-sensitive and rural regions, is also seen as essential. Improving awareness about managing heart health during extreme weather — such as maintaining hydration during heatwaves and ensuring adequate warmth during cold spells — could help reduce risks.
Urban planning solutions, including expanding green cover, may help mitigate the heat island effect in cities, while better coordination between climate data and health surveillance systems could enable more targeted interventions.
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